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		<title>Cargo Underwriting</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/cargo-underwriting/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/cargo-underwriting/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 22 Apr 2012 18:23:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Marine Cargo Insurance]]></category>

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It is probably a fair statement to say that subrogation involves the cargo market more actively than other branches of marine insurance, and there is accordingly a need for the claims practitioner engaged in that field to understand the relationship between the bailee, the assured and his Underwriters. In collision cases, of course, the matter [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/hdr_Underwriting.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p align="left"><a href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvY2FyZ28tdW5kZXJ3cml0aW5nL2hkcl91bmRlcndyaXRpbmcv" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1483\"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1483" title="hdr_Underwriting" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/hdr_Underwriting-300x93.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="93" /></a>It is probably a fair statement to say that subrogation involves the cargo market more actively than other branches of marine insurance, and there is accordingly a need for the claims practitioner engaged in that field to understand the relationship between the bailee, the assured and his Underwriters. In collision cases, of course, the matter of pressing the claim against another vessel, which may be wholly or partly to blame, will usually be well regulated by the solicitors initially employed to protect the interests of all concerned. In general average too, there is no particular difficulty in obtaining the credit balance due, since Underwriters have merely to ensure that the Average Adjusters concerned are aware of any settlement they have made for sacrifice or deposit, and they can remain secure in the knowledge that the cash position will be ultimately resolved. Many claims on cargo policies are the result of including the so-called &#8220;extraneous&#8221; risks, such as pilferage or negligent handling, but at one time the exceptions clauses in the carriers&#8217; contracts of carriage were so comprehensive that it was considered virtually impossible to hold them responsible. The position when the contract of affreightment is evidenced by a Bill of Lading is now controlled by the incorporation of the Hague or Hague-Visby Rules which have been adopted by most countries, but prior to that the piece of verse which follows probably gave a good reflection of the attitude of carriers.</p>
<p>SO TRY YOUR UNDERWRITER</p>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>It is much to be regretted</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>That your goods are slightly wetted.</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>But our lack of liability is plain,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>So Which is proof against evading,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Bears exceptions for sea-water, rust and rain;</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Also wheat contamination.</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Fire and all depreciation</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>That we&#8217;ve ever seen or heard of on a ship;</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>And our due examination.</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Which we made at destination,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Shows your cargo much improved by the trip.</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Furthermore the protest shows</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>That the Master blew his nose,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>And the hatches were demolished by the gale.</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Oh, we&#8217;ll all stick together</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>To prove it&#8217;s heavy weather,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>For we&#8217;ve got the cargo owner by the tail;</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>So, reserving all defenses,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Alibis and false pretences,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>We suggest that your underwriter man</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Is the guy that&#8217;s out of luck?</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>We can always pass the buck;</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Yes—we always duck the issues if we can.</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>&#8216;This a cause of grief sincere,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>And we almost weep to hear</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>You are claiming for your cargo wet by rain.</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>It really is a crime</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>That you&#8217;re wasting all your time</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>For our bill of lading clauses make it plain</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>That from ullage, rust or seepage,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Water, sweat, or just plain leakage,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Act of God, restraint of princes, theft or war,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Loss, damage or detention,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Lock out, strike or circumvention,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Blockade, interdict, or loss &#8216;twixt ship and shore,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Quarantine or heavy weather,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Fog and rain, or both together,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>We&#8217;re protected from all these and many more;</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>And it&#8217;s very plain to see</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>That our liability</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>As regards your claim is absolutely nil;</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>So try your underwriter,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>He&#8217;s a friendly sort of blighter,</strong></em></span></li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>And is pretty sure to grin and foot the bill.</strong></em></span></li>
</ul>
<p>Even today, however, a degree of skill is often required before liability is admitted by the carrier or other bailee, and it would be rare indeed for the consignee to obtain such an admission as soon as he lodges a claim. Provided a claim has been introduced to the carrier by the consignee in the first instance, therefore, Underwriters will usually be quite willing to settle the claim, unless non-delivery of a complete package is concerned, when it is prudent to await the result of a search at the port of destination and other ports of call.</p>
<p>Since carriers can usually find apparently legitimate reasons to excuse themselves, protracted correspondence will often be required before opposing views are accepted, and for this reason, either the services of Lloyd&#8217;s Recoveries Department will be utilized, or insurers will pass the documents to recognized recovery agents specializing in this type of work. Nevertheless, it is useful to know which cases need further consideration and the problems which can arise; accordingly, in this and the following chapter a study of the transport conditions most widely in use in the United Kingdom has been undertaken.</p>
<p>Consignees could quite easily prejudice the rights of Underwriters to effect a recovery by failing to lodge a claim against the responsible party in the specified time limits, hence the need for the Duty of Assured Clause in standard cargo clauses. Insurers&#8217; claims departments should therefore have an awareness of the time limits in general operation so as to bring any faults to the attention of the consignees, as well as to avoid failure on their own part to forward the documents to the party concerned in due time.</p>
<p>Takis Kalogerakos</p>
<p>Marine Underwriter</p>
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		<title>ΕΘΝΙΚΗ ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΑ (ΝΟΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ)</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/%ce%b5%ce%b8%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%b7-%ce%bc%ce%b5%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b1-%ce%bd%ce%bf%ce%bc%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/%ce%b5%ce%b8%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%b7-%ce%bc%ce%b5%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b1-%ce%bd%ce%bf%ce%bc%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%b1/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Jan 2012 18:20:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Legal Cases]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/?p=1304</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
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Παραγραφή. Απόρριψη αγωγής του υποκατασταθέντος ασφαλιστή Εθνική μεταφορά πραγμάτων πλειόνων παραληπτών (συλλογική μεταφορά) από την Αθήνα στην Πάτρα εφαρμογή του ΕμπΝ. Ασφαλιστική υποκατάσταση. Η εξάμηνη παραγραφή του άρθρου 107 ΕμπΝ δεν συμπληρώνεται κατά την διάταξη του άρθρου 14 παρ. 5 του ν. 2496/1997 «πριν από την παρέλευση έξι 6 μηνών από την υποκατάσταση και εφόσον [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/various-photos-291.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p>Παραγραφή.</p>
<p>Απόρριψη αγωγής του υποκατασταθέντος ασφαλιστή</p>
<p><a href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvJWNlJWI1JWNlJWI4JWNlJWJkJWNlJWI5JWNlJWJhJWNlJWI3LSVjZSViYyVjZSViNSVjZiU4NCVjZSViMSVjZiU4NiVjZSViZiVjZiU4MSVjZSViMS0lY2UlYmQlY2UlYmYlY2UlYmMlY2UlYmYlY2UlYmIlY2UlYmYlY2UlYjMlY2UlYjklY2UlYjEvdmFyaW91cy1waG90b3MtMjktMi8=" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1468\"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1468" title="various photos (29)" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/various-photos-291.jpg" alt="" width="120" height="80" /></a>Εθνική μεταφορά πραγμάτων πλειόνων παραληπτών (συλλογική μεταφορά) από την Αθήνα στην Πάτρα εφαρμογή του ΕμπΝ. Ασφαλιστική υποκατάσταση. Η εξάμηνη παραγραφή του άρθρου 107 ΕμπΝ δεν συμπληρώνεται κατά την διάταξη του άρθρου 14 παρ. 5 του ν. 2496/1997 «πριν από την παρέλευση έξι 6 μηνών από την υποκατάσταση και εφόσον αυτή έλαβε χώρα πριν από την παραγραφή ή την απόσβεση αυτών των αξιώσεων». Κατά τη μεταφορά ξέσπασε φωτιά στο πίσω μέρος της καρότσας του φορτηγού, η οποία επεκτάθηκε γρήγορα με αποτέλεσμα να καούν ολοσχερώς τα μεταφερόμενα πράγματα. Μετάσταση κίνδυνου, από τον πωλητή στον αγοραστή. Τόπος εκπλήρωσης της παροχής του πωλητή είναι ο τόπος που έχει την κατοικία του ή την επαγγελματική τoυ εγκατάσταση με αίτηση όμως του αγοραστή είναι δυνατό να ζητηθεί η εκπλήρωση της ενοχής σε διαφορετικό τόπο. Στην περίπτωση αυτή ο αγοραστης φέρει τον κίνδυνο της μεταφοράς από το χρονικό σημείο της παράδοσης για αποστολή. Στην ένδικη περίπτωση παρά το γεγονός ότι στην αγωγή ανεφέρετο ότι οι πωλητές είχαν κρατήσει τον κίνδυνο της μεταφοράς, το Δικαστήριο δέχτικε ότι ο κίνδυνος είχε μεταστεί στους αγοραστές. Τούτο ανεγράφετο στα τιμολόγια &#8211; δελτία αποστολής. Ο αντίθετος ισχυρισμός ότι οι πωλητές είχαν κρατησει για τους εαυτούς τους τον κίνδυνο της μεταφοράς που κατέθεσε η μάρτυρας, αυτή δεν ανέφερε την πηγή της γνώσης της και στην αρχή της κατάθεσης της ανέφερε ότι η γνώση της προκύπτει μόνο από έγραφα. Απόρριψη αγωγής του υποκατασταθέντος ασφαλιστή λόγω μη νομιμοποίησης του στην έγερση της αγωγής.</p>
<p>Κατά το άρθρο 14 παρ. 1 του ν. 2496/1997 «Ασφαλιστική σύμβαση τροποποιήσεις της νομοθεσίας για την ιδιωτική ασφάλιση και άλλες διατάξεις», αν ο λήπτης της ασφάλισης έχει αξίωση προς αποκατάσταση της ζημίας κατά τρίτου η αξίωση περιέρχεται στον ασφαλιστή στην έκταση του ασφαλίσματος που κατέβαλε. Η αγωγή του ασφαλιστή που υποκαταστάθηκε κατά του τρίτου που ευθύνεται για τη ζημία έχει ως βάση την αγωγή που ο ασφαλισμένος θα ασκούσε κατά του τρίτου υποχρέου, δεδομένου ότι ο τελευταίος έχει απέναντι στον ασφαλιστή κατ άρθρα 462, 463 Α Κ τις υποχρεώσεις και τις ενστάσεις που είχε και απέναντι του ασφαλισμένου μέχρι το χρόνο που καταβλήθηκε σ&#8217; αυτόν το ασφάλισμα με εξαίρεση ενστάσεις που πηγάζουν από παράβαση κάποιου όρου της ασφαλιστικής σύμβασης, γιατί αυτές είναι ενστάσεις που απορρέουν από το δικαίωμα τρίτου και είναι ανεπίτρεπτες, εκτός αν αμέσως ή ευθέως συνάπτονται με την ενεργητική νομιμοποίηση του ασφαλιστή που υποκαθίσταται. Επομένως, ο ασφαλιστής που αποζημίωσε τον ασφαλισμένο, εγείροντας, ως υποκατάστατος εκείνου, την αγωγή αποζημίωσης κατά του μεταφορέα οφείλει για την πληρότητα αυτής κατ&#8217; άρθρο 216 ΚΠολΔ να επικαλεσθεί α) την ύπαρξη έγκυρης σύμβασης χερσαίας μεταφοράς, β) την παράδοση των προς μεταφορά πραγμάτων στον μεταφορέα, γ) την απώλεια ή βλάβη των πραγμάτων κατά τη διάρκεια της μεταφοράς και τη ζημία που επήλθε εξ αυτής και δ) την καταβολή του ασφαλίσματος στον ασφαλισμένο που υπέστη ζημία, σε εκτέλεση της υφιστάμενης ασφαλιστικής σύμβασης (ΕφΑΘ 736/2004 ΔΕΕ 2005, 65, ΕφΑΘ 3293/1996 ΔΕΕ 1997, 302). Περαιτέρω, με τη διάταξη του άρθρου 111 ΕισΝΑΚ, εισάγεται εξαίρεση του καθιερούμενου με το άρθρο 345 Α Κ κανόνα για οφειλή τόκων μόνον επί υπερημερίας του οφειλέτη. Προκύπτει δε από τη διάταξη αυτή ότι εφόσον συντρέχουν οι προϋποθέσεις της, δηλαδή η εμπορική ιδιότητα του οφειλέτη και του δανειστή κατά το χρόνο γένεσης της απαίτησης, και η προέλευση της απαίτησης από εμπορική και για τους δύο αιτία, η οποία είναι δυνατόν να έχει ως γενεσιουργό λόγο όχι μόνο δικαιοπραξία αλλά και αδίκημα, η υποχρέωση προς καταβολή τόκων αρχίζει από τη στιγμή που το χρέος κατέστη απαιτητό, δηλαδή από τη γένεσή του, σύμφωνα με τη διάταξη του άρθρου 323 Α Κ, εφόσον δε συνάγεται κάτι διαφορετικό «ούτε από τη δικαιοπραξία ούτε από τις περιστάσεις και ιδίως από τη φύση της ενοχικής σχέσης». Η ανωτέρω όμως διάταξη δεν έχει εφαρμογή επί της αξίωσης του υποκατασταθέντος ασφαλιστή κατά του τρίτου, οφειλέτη του ασφαλισμένου, διότι η αξίωση αυτή του ασφαλιστή δεν πηγάζει από την ασφαλιστική σύμβαση, αλλά από την αυτοδικαίως κατά το άρθρο 14 του ν. 2496/1997 μεταβιβασθείσα σε αυτόν απαίτηση του ασφαλισμένου δανειστή. Συνεπώς, λόγω της διαδοχής, υποκατάστασης, που επέρχεται στο πρόσωπο του δανειστή, ο οφειλέτης έμπορος δεν καθίσταται υπερήμερος για το καταβληθέν από τον ασφαλιστή ποσό, χωρίς προηγούμενη όχλησή του από τον ασφαλιστή (ΑΠ 1715/2007 ΔΕΕ 2008, 349).</p>
<p>Με την υπό κρίση αγωγή, όπως το περιεχόμενο της διορθώθηκε παραδεκτά κατά άρθρο 224 ΚΠολΔ, ιστορείται ότι η ενάγουσα είχε καταρτίσει την αναφερόμενη σύμβαση ασφάλισης, στην οποία υπήρχε ασφαλιστική κάλυψη για την περίπτωση πυρκαγιάς, υπέρ των δικαιούχων των εκάστοτε ασφαλισμένων εμπορευμάτων, με την επίσης, αναφερόμενη στην αγωγή, παραγγελιοδόχο εταιρία μεταφορών. Εξαιτίας της ολοσχερούς καταστροφής, λόγω πυρκαγιάς, των μεταφερόμενων, περιγραφόμενων στην αγωγή, εμπορευμάτων, από τον προστηθέντα οδηγό του εναγόμενου μεταφορέα, στον οποίο ανέθεσε η παραγγελιοδόχος τη μεταφορά τους, η ενάγουσα κατέβαλε στους δικαιούχους αποζημίωσης, πωλητές αυτών, το αναφερόμενο ασφάλισμα, για τη ζημία που υπέστησαν, δηλονότι, κατά τα συμφωνημένα με τους αγοραστές τους, διατηρούσαν τον κίνδυνο από τυχαία καταστροφή των εμπορευμάτων τους κατά τη μεταφορά τους.</p>
<p>Με βάση τα ανωτέρω η ενάγουσα, η οποία υποκαταστάθηκε στα δικαιώματα των δικαιούχων -πωλητών, ζητεί να υποχρεωθεί ο εναγόμενος μεταφορέας, με απόφαση προσωρινά εκτελεστή, να της καταβάλει το συνολικό ποσό των 56.214,54 6, που αντιστοιχεί στην αξία των καταστραφέντων εμπορευμάτων που κατάβαλε στους αναφερόμενους ανωτέρω δικαιούχους, με το νόμιμο τόκο από την 14.11.2008, ημερομηνία ζημίας, οπότε το χρέος από εμπορική αιτία έγινε απαιτητό, άλλως το ποσό των 30.829,58 € από 15.04.2009, το ποσό των 15.715,81 € από 27.04.2009 και το ποσό των 9.669,15 από 11.05.2009, οπότε τα ανωτέρω επί μέρους ποσά καταβλήθηκαν από την ενάγουσα ως αποζημίωση και ποκαταστάθηκε στα δικαιώματα των ως άνω δανειστούν του εναγόμενου από εμπορική αιτία, άλλως από την επίδοση της αγωγής. Με το περιεχόμενο αυτό η αγωγή, για το αντικείμενο της οποίας καταβλήθηκε το προσήκον τέλος δικαστικού ενσήμου με τις υπέρ τρίτων προσαυξήσεις (βλ. τα με αριθμό 060299, 060300, 192415 και 380871 υπό σειρά Λ αγωγόσημα, με τα επικολλημένα επί αυτών ένσημα), παραδεκτά και αρμοδίως, καθ&#8217; ύλη και κατά τόπο, εισάγεται προς συζήτηση ενώπιον του Δικαστηρίου αυτού, κατά την τακτική διαδικασία (άρθρα 1, 2, 7, 9, 12, 14 παρ. 2 και 22 ΚΠολΔ). Περαιτέρω είναι επαρκώς ορισμένη, καθόσον γίνεται αναφορά στην αγωγή ότι οι πωλητές των μεταφερόμενων εμπορευμάτων, κατά τη σύναψη των συμβάσεων πώλησης, διατήρησαν τον κίνδυνο από την τυχαία καταστροφή των πωληθέντων πραγμάτων κατά τη μεταφορά. Συμφωνήθηκε συνεπώς, ρύθμιση του κινδύνου, διαφορετική από τη ρυθμιζόμενη στην ενδοτικού δικαίου διάταξη του άρθρου 524 Α Κ., έτσι ώστε κατά τα ιστορούμενα στην αγωγή να προκύπτει ότι η ενάγουσα, υποκαθιστάμενη στα δικαιώματα των πωλητών, ασκεί υπαρκτή αξίωση αποζημίωσης, καθόσον οι τελευταίοι, δεδομένου ότι διατήρησαν τον κίνδυνο των εμπορευμάτων τους, υπέστησαν ζημία, απορριπτομένου του σχετικού περί αοριστίας της αγωγής, ισχυρισμού του εναγόμενου, για το λόγο ότι δεν αναφέρεται στην αγωγή η ειδική συμφωνία βάση της οποίας ο κίνδυνος παρέμεινε στην πλευρά των πωλητών. Πρέπει εξάλλου, στο σημείο αυτό να αναφερθεί, ότι με βάση τα εκτιθέμενα στην αγωγή, δεν μπορεί να θεμελιωθεί νόμιμη βάση της αγωγής στις διατάξεις περί αδικοπραξίας 914 επ. ΑΚ, δηλονότι δε γίνεται στο κρινόμενο δικόγραφο μνεία των στοιχείου της υπαιτιότητας και της αιτιώδους συνάφειας, στοιχείων αναγκαίων, μαζί με το παράνομο και τη ζημία, για το ορισμένο της αγωγής που στηρίζεται στην αδικοπραξία (βλ. ΑΠ 1676/2006 ΝΟΜΟΣ, ΑΠ 219/2006 ΝΟΜΟΣ). Συγκεκριμένα δε γίνεται αναφορά των πραγματικών εκείνων περιστατικών που συνιστούν υπαίτια τη συμπεριφορά του μεταφορέα ή του προστηθέντος του, συνδεόμενη αιτιωδώς με την απώλεια των εμπορευμάτων, χωρίς να αρκεί η αναφορά ότι ο μεταφορέας υποχρεούται να φροντίζει με κάθε τρόπο για την ασφαλή μεταφορά των εμπορευμάτων από την παραλαβή τους προς μεταφορά μέχρι την παράδοση στον παραλήπτη (ΕφΠειρ 767/2009 ΔΕΕ 2010, 82). Συνεπώς, στην προκείμενη περίπτωση η κρινόμενη αγωγή είναι αόριστη ως προς την επιχειρούμενη θεμελίωση της στις διατάξεις των άρθρων 914 επ. και πρέπει να απορριφθεί ως προς τη βάση αυτή ως απαράδεκτη.</p>
<p>Περαιτέρω, η αγωγή κατά το μέρος, που κρίθηκε παραδεκτή, είναι νόμιμη στηριζόμενη στις διατάξεις των άρθρων 1, 11, 14 παρ. 1, 20 ν. 2496/1997, 95, 97, 102 ΕμπΝ, 340, 346 ΑΚ, 176, 907 και 908 περ. στ&#8217; ΚΠολΔ, εκτός από το αίτημα για την επιδίκαση τόκων για τα χρονικά διαστήματα πριν την επίδοση της κρινόμενης αγωγής στον εναγόμενο, που είναι νόμο αβάσιμο σύμφωνα και με τα αναφερόμενα ανωτέρω στη μείζονα πρόταση.</p>
<p>Σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 107 του ΕμπΝ, η εξάμηνη παραγραφή κάθε αξίωσης κατά του παραγγελιοδόχου μεταφοράς και του μεταφορέα για απώλεια ή αβαρία των μεταφερομένων εμπορευμάτων εντός της ελληνικής επικράτειας αρχίζει, αν πρόκειται για απώλεια από την ημέρα που έπρεπε να συντελεσθεί η παράδοση των εμπορευμάτων και αν πρόκειται για βλάβη αυτών, από την ημέρα της παραλαβής τους. Στην περίπτωση της υποκατάστασης του ασφαλιστή, η παραγραφή των αξιώσεων του λήπτη της ασφάλισης κατά του τρίτου έναντι αυτού δεν συμπληρώνεται, κατά τη διάταξη του άρθρου 14 παρ. 5 του ν. 2496/1997 «πριν από την παρέλευση έξι (6) μηνών από την υποκατάσταση και εφόσον αυτή έλαβε χώρα πριν από την παραγραφή ή την απόσβεση αυτών των αξιώσεων» (ΕφΠατρ 721/2005 ΔΕΕ 2006, 1173).</p>
<p>Περαιτέρω από τις διατάξεις των άρθρων 102, 103, 104, 105 και 107 ΕμπΝ και 330, 681, 685 και 690 Α Κ συνάγεται ότι επί χερσαίας οδικής μεταφοράς πραγμάτων, που αποτελεί ειδικά ρυθμισμένη περίπτωση σύμβασης έργου, ως αποβλέπουσα σε ορισμένο αποτέλεσμα που συνίσταται στην εκτέλεση της μεταφοράς χωρίς βλάβη η απώλεια, ο μεταφορέας υποχρεούται να μεταφέρει τα παραληφθέντα εμπορεύματα χωρίς βλάβη ή απώλεια σε ορισμένο τόπο, ευθυνόμενος μέχρι ανωτέρα βία, για κάθε απώλεια ή βλάβη των μεταφερομένων πραγμάτων από την παραλαβή μέχρι την παράδοση τους είτε αυτός ενήργησε τη μεταφορά τους προσωπικά είτε με άλλο υποκατάστατο πρόσωπο (ΕφΠειρ 767/2009 ΔΕΕ 2010, 82, ΕφΑΘ 5736/2004 ΔΕΕ 2005, 65). Δηλαδή, με τις πιο πάνω διατάξεις καθιερώνεται αντικειμενική ευθύνη του χερσαίου οδικού μεταφορέα, ο οποίος απαλλάσσεται, μόνο αν η απώλεια ή η βλάβη ή η καθυστέρηση των πραγμάτων οφείλεται σε_ ανωτέρα βία, δηλαδή σε γεγονός τυχαίο κι απρόβλεπτο, το οποίο δεν είναι δυνατόν ν&#8217; αποτραπεί ούτε με μέτρα άκρας επιμέλειας και σύνεσης (ΑΠ 742/1998 ΕλλΔνη 39, 1440, ΕφΑΘ 8305/2006 ΝΟΜΟΣ). Ο εναγόμενος με τις νόμιμα κατατεθειμένες προτάσεις του και με δήλωση του πληρεξούσιου δικηγόρου του που καταχωρήθηκε στα πρακτικά, ιστορεί ότι η ενάγουσα δε διαθέτει ενεργητική νομιμοποίηση, καθόσον καταβάλλοντας το ασφάλισμα στους πωλητές, δεν υποκαθίσταται σε υπαρκτό δικαίωμα αποζημίωσης, καθόσον οι τελευταίοι δεν έχουν υποστεί ζημία, γιατί ο κίνδυνος της τυχαίας καταστροφής βαρύνει τους αγοραστές, ο ανωτέρω ισχυρισμός, μολονότι χαρακτηρίζεται ως ένσταση ενεργητικής νομιμοποίησης, στην ουσία συνιστά άρνηση της αγωγής του εναγόμενου. Περαιτέρω, ιστορεί ότι παρήλθε ο χρόνος της εξάμηνης παραγραφής του άρθρου 107 ΕμπΝ, από τις 14.11.2008 οπότε και έλαβε χώρα η καταστροφή των εμπορευμάτων, μέχρι την επίδοση της αγωγής σε αυτόν, στις 18.09.2009, με συνέπεια πάσα αξίωση κατά του μεταφορέα από τη σύμβαση μεταφοράς να έχει παραγραφεί.</p>
<p>Με το περιεχόμενο αυτό ο ανωτέρω ισχυρισμός, που προβλήθηκε παραδεκτά, συνιστά ένσταση παραγραφής, είναι ορισμένη και νόμιμη στηριζόμενη στις διατάξεις των άρθρων 107 ΕμπΝ και 247 επ. Α Κ και πρέπει να ερευνηθεί περαιτέρω ως προς την ουσιαστική της βασιμότητα. Τέλος εκθέτει ότι η καταστροφή των εμπορευμάτων οφείλεται σε ακαταμάχητη δύναμη, που ως όρος ταυτίζεται με την ανωτέρα βία και ειδικότερα είτε σε σπινθήρες που προκλήθηκαν από την τριβή των φορτωμένων χαλύβδινων σωλήνων είτε υπολείμματα καπνίσματος που έπεσαν στο χώρο φόρτωσης. Με το περιεχόμενο αυτό ο ανωτέρω ισχυρισμός, που προτάθηκε παραδεκτά και είναι επαρκώς ορισμένος, δηλονότι η διαζευκτική παράθεση πραγματικών περιστατικών, ως λόγων ανωτέρας βίας, αφορά στην ιστορική βάση της ένστασης και όχι στο αίτημα που παραμένει το ίδιο, υπό αμφότερες τις εκδοχές, με συνέπεια να μην προκύπτει αοριστία, συνιστά ένσταση ανωτέρας βίας, η οποία είναι νόμιμη, κατά τα αναφερόμενα ανωτέρω στη μείζονα πρόταση, και πρέπει να ερευνηθεί περαιτέρω ως προς την ουσιαστική της βασιμότητα.</p>
<p>Η ενάγουσα, νόμιμα, με την προσθήκη στις προτάσεις, προβάλει ότι κατέβαλε το ασφάλισμα στους αναφερόμενους δικαιούχους πωλητές των καταστραφέντων εμπορευμάτων τμηματικά σε τρεις δόσεις την 15.04.2009, την 27.04.2009 και την I 1.05.2009, δηλαδή σε χρόνο προγενέστερο από τη συμπλήρωση του χρόνου της εξάμηνης παραγραφής από την 14.11.2008, οπότε έλαβε χώρα η ζημία και αναμενόταν να γίνει η μεταφορά αυτών, με συνέπεια η παραγραφή των αξιώσεων των ανώτεροι κατά του εναγόμενου στην προκείμενη περίπτωση να μη συμπληρώνεται πριν την παρέλευση έξι μηνών από την υποκατάσταση της ενάγουσας. Με το περιεχόμενο αυτό ο ανωτέρω ισχυρισμός, που προτάθηκε παραδεκτά, είναι ορισμένος και συνιστά αντένσταση στην ως άνω ένσταση παραγραφής του ενάγοντος, που είναι νόμιμη στηριζόμενη στην παρ. 5 του άρθρου 14 ν. 2496/1997 και πρέπει να ερευνηθεί περαιτέρω και ως προς την ουσιαστική της βασιμότητα.</p>
<p>Από το συνδυασμό των διατάξεων των άρθρων 320, 321, 522 και 524 ΑΚ, προκύπτει, μεταξύ άλλων, ότι εφόσον δε συνάγεται διαφορετικά από τη σύμβαση ή τις ειδικές περιστάσεις που τη διέπουν, τόπος εκπλήρωσης της παροχής του πωλητή είναι ο τόπος που έχει την κατοικία του ή την επαγγελματική του εγκατάσταση (άρχικο χρέος), με αίτηση όμως του αγοραστή είναι δυνατό να ζητηθεί η εκπλήρωση της ενοχής σε διαφορετικό τόπο. Στην περίπτωση αυτή ο αγοραστής φέρει τον κίνδυνο, αφότου το πράγμα παραδοθεί για αποστολή, με την έννοια ότι από την ως άνω, μετάσταση του κινδύνου ο αγοραστής, σε περίπτωση απώλειας ή καταστροφής, υποχρεούται να καταβάλλει το ενιαίο τίμημα, το ασφάλιστρο και τα κόμιστρα, ακόμη και αν δεν λάβει το πράγμα, χωρίς να δικαιούται να αποκρούσει τη σχετική αξίωση του πωλητή αντιτάσσοντας την ένσταση του μη εκπληρωθέντος συναλλάγματος (άρθ. 374 ΑΚ). Περαιτέρω, ο αγοραστής, αφότου φέρει τον κίνδυνο, δικαιούται τα ωφελήματα (άρθ. 525 ΑΚ) και το περιελθόν στον πωλητή (άρθρο 338 Α Κ), στο οποίο περιλαμβάνεται ιδίως η ασφαλιστική αποζημίωση και η αξίωση κατά τρίτου, κατά τις διατάξεις περί αδικοπραξιών για αποζημίωση. Εξάλλου, στην περίπτωση που το πωληθέν πράγμα ταξιδεύει με κίνδυνο του αγοραστή, η σχετική ασφαλιστική σύμβαση που καταρτίζεται είτε από τον πωλητή είτε από τον παραγγελιοδόχο μεταφοράς, είναι σύμβαση που αφορά σε ξένο συμφέρον, δηλαδή αυτό του αγοραστή. Συνεπώς, πρόκειται για γνήσια υπέρ τρίτου κατά το άρθρο 411 ΑΚ, δηλονότι δικαιούχος του ασφαλίσματος είναι ο τρίτος αγοραστής, καθόσον αυτός υφίσταται τον κίνδυνο ζημίας, δεδομένου ότι ο πωλητής διατηρεί την αξίωσή του για την καταβολή του τιμήματος από την πώληση (βλ. ΕφΘεσ 649/2005 ΕεμπΔ 2005, 750, ΕφΑΟ 555/2005 Επισκ ΕμπΔ 2005, 737). Σε συμφωνία με τα ανωτέρω, με δεδομένο ότι ο ασφαλιστής καταβάλλοντας το ασφάλισμα στον ασφαλισμένο, που ζημιώθηκε, υποκαθίσταται στα δικαιώματά του και ασκεί κατά του τρίτου που ευθύνεται για τη ζημία, την αγωγή που ο ασφαλισμένος θα ασκούσε, πρέπει να επικαλεστεί και να αποδείξει, σε περίπτωση αμφισβήτησης από τον εναγόμενο, ότι πράγματι ο ασφαλισμένος, τον οποίο αποζημίωσε είναι ζημιωθείς. Εξάλλου, οι αμέσως ανωτέρω ρυθμίσεις, που αναφέρονται στη μετάσταση του κινδύνου στην πώληση έχουν ενδοτικό χαρακτήρα και για το λόγο αυτό, κατά τη σύναψη της πώλησης ή και μεταγενέστερα, είναι έγκυρες αποκλίνουσες συμφωνίες των μερών σχετικά με το χρόνο μετάστασης του κινδύνου, με την έννοια ότι μπορεί να συμφωνηθεί ότι ο κίνδυνος της αποστολής των πραγμάτων καθ&#8217; όλη τη διάρκεια της μεταφοράς τους βαραίνει τον πωλητή. Κατά το άρθρο 361 ΑΚ μάλιστα, είναι δυνατή η συμφωνία μεταξύ αγοραστή και πωλητή, με την οποία καταργείται η καταρτισθείσα σύμβαση πώλησης. Η συμφωνία αυτή, μπορεί να λάβει χώρα και μετά την καταστροφή των πωληθέντων πραγμάτων, κατά τρόπο, ώστε ο αγοραστής που φέρει τον κίνδυνο της τυχαίας καταστροφής, να μην υποχρεούται πλέον σε καταβολή του τιμήματος αλλά και να μη δικαιούται τα ωφελήματα από τη μετάσταση του κινδύνου, μεταξύ των οποίων και το δικαίωμα αποζημίωσης έναντι του τρίτου υπευθύνου, που έτσι επανέρχεται στον πωλητή (βλ. ΕφΑΟ 3957/2006 ΕλλΔνη 2008,901).</p>
<p>Από την κατάθεση του μάρτυρα του εναγόμενου που εξετάσθηκε νόμιμα στο ακροατήριο του Δικαστηρίου και περιέχεται στα ταυτάριθμα με την παρούσα πρακτικά της δημόσιας συνεδρίασης, από τη με αριθμό 1562/12.02.2010 ένορκη βεβαίωση της μάρτυρα Ε.Π., ενώπιον του Ειρηνοδίκη Αθηνών, που επικαλείται και προσκομίζει η ενάγουσα, με πρωτοβουλία της οποίας έλαβε χώρα, μετά από νόμιμη, πριν από δύο (2) εργάσιμες ημέρες κλήτευση του αντιδίκου της (άρθρο 270 παρ. 2 εδ. β&#8217; ΚΠολΔ) και από όλα τα έγγραφα, που νόμιμα προσκομίζουν και επικαλούνται οι διάδικοι, μεταξύ των οποίων και οι φωτογραφίες των οποίων η γνησιότητα δεν αμφισβητείται, αποδεικνύονται τα ακόλουθα πραγματικά περιστατικά: Η ενάγουσα δυνάμει του από 01.04.2008 με αριθμό 20011974/20002078 ασφαλιστήριου συμβολαίου, που συνήψε με την ανώνυμη εταιρία με την επωνυμία «Κ.ΑΕ», η οποία δραστηριοποιείται στον τομέα των χερσαίων μεταφορών ως παραγγελιοδόχος μεταφοράς, ανέλαβε έναντι ασφαλίστρου την ασφαλιστική κάλυψη, για λογαριασμό τρίτων, δηλαδή των δικαιούχων των εκάστοτε εμπορευμάτων, από τον κίνδυνο καταστροφής αυτών κατά τις μεταφορές εντός της ελληνικής επικράτειας, που επιμελείται η προρρηθείσα παραγγελιοδόχος εταιρία. Η διάρκεια της ασφαλιστικής σύμβασης ορίστηκε από 01.04.2008 μέχρι 01.04.2009, με δυνατότητα παράτασης για περαιτέρω δώδεκα μήνες, ενώ το ασφαλιζόμενο ποσό ορίστηκε μέχρι 146.735.00 € για μεταφερόμενα εμπορεύματα με φορτηγό και μέχρι 293.740,00 € για μεταφερόμενα εμπορεύματα με φορτηγό μετά ρυμουλκούμενου. Περαιτέρω αποδεικνύεται ότι η προαναφερόμενη παραγγελιοδόχος εταιρία, σε συμφωνία με τις κάτωθι πωλήτριες εταιρίες και πωλητές φυσικά πρόσωπα: «&#8230;», κατήρτισε σύμβαση παραγγελίας μεταφοράς, προκειμένου να μεταφερθούν τα εμπορεύματα τους από την Αθήνα στην Πάτρα, όπου και θα τα παραλάμβανε η παραγγελιοδόχος εταιρία στις εκεί αποθήκες της και θα επιμελούταν την παράδοσή τους στους αγοραστές. Σε εκτέλεση των ανωτέρω συμβάσεων η ως άνω παραγγελιοδόχος εταιρία κατήρτισε στην Αθήνα, στο όνομά της και για λογαριασμό ενός εκάστου των ως άνω πωλητών, με τον εναγόμενο αντίστοιχες συμβάσεις μεταφοράς, δυνάμει των οποίων ο τελευταίος ανέλαβε έναντι αμοιβής, την οδική μεταφορά των πωληθέντων εμπορευμάτων από την Αθήνα στην Πάτρα. Ακολούθως, ο προστηθείς οδηγός του με αριθμό κυκλοφορίας ΠΚΒ 1243 τριαξονικού φορτηγού μετά ρυμουλκούμενου με αριθμό κυκλοφορίας Ρ 20221 ιδιοκτησίας του εναγόμενου, παρέλαβε, σης 14.11.2008, συσκευασμένα τα παραληφθέντα εμπορεύματα από τις αποθήκες της παραγγελιοδόχου εταιρίας. Την ίδια ημέρα και ενώ το προαναφερόμενο φορτηγό με το ρυμουλκούμενο κινούταν επί της ΝΕΟ Αθηνών &#8211; Κορίνθου, στο 68ο χλμ., ξέσπασε φωτιά στο πίσω μέρος της καρότσας του φορτηγού, η οποία επεκτάθηκε γρήγορα και είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την ολοσχερή καταστροφή των μεταφερόμενων πωληθέντων εμπορευμάτων, τόσο στην καρότσα του φορτηγού όσο και στο ρυμουλκούμενο. Ομοίως εξαιτίας της ανωτέρω πυρκαγιάς καταστράφηκε ολοσχερώς το φορτηγό και το ρυμουλκούμενο (βλ. το αντίγραφο από το βιβλίο συμβάντων της 14.11.2008 της Πυροσβεστικής Υπηρεσίας). Πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι κατά την Πυροσβεστική Υπηρεσία Κορίνθου, η οποία έσβησε την πυρκαγιά, η αιτία αυτής παρέμεινε άγνωστη. Περαιτέρω αποδεικνύεται ότι η ενάγουσα, ασφαλιστική εταιρία κατέβαλε στις 15.04.2009. στις 27.04.2009 και στις 11.05.2009, στις ανωτέρω πωλήτριες εταιρίες και φυσικά πρόσωπα τα ακόλουθα ποσά ως ακολούθως, ως αποζημίωση για την αξία των εμπορευμάτων•τους που καταστράφηκαν εξαιτίας της πυρκαγιάς και συγκεκριμένα: «&#8230;». Συνολικά κατάβαλε η ενάγουσα το ποσό των 56.214,54 €. Περαιτέρω, όμως, δεδομένου ότι τα ανωτέρω πωληθέντα εμπορεύματα είχαν αποσταλεί με αίτηση των αγοραστών αυτών σε τόπο διαφορετικό του τόπου εκπλήρωσης της παροχής του εκάστου πωλητή, ήτοι από την Αθήνα και προκειμένου για τις εταιρίες «&#8230;» από τη Λάρισα, όπου και εδρεύουν και ότι ο κίνδυνος των πωληθέντων πραγμάτων εξαιτίας τυχαίας καταστροφής ή χειροτέρευσης μεταβαίνει από τον πωλητή στον αγοραστή από την παράδοσή τους για αποστολή, σύμφωνα με τις ενδοτικού δικαίου διατάξεις των άρθρων 522 και 525 Α Κ, δεν αποδεικνύεται κατά την κρίση του Δικαστηρίου στην προκείμενη περίπτωση, ενόψει και της ειδικής προς τούτο αμφισβήτησης του εναγόμενου, ότι κατά την κατάρτιση της σύμβασης της πώλησης μεταξύ εκάστου των πωλητών και των αντίστοιχων αγοραστών συμφωνήθηκε τα πωληθέντα να ταξιδεύσουν με κίνδυνο των πωλητών. Ειδικότερα, προς απόδειξη των ανωτέρω συμφωνιών που συλλήβδην επικαλείται ότι έλαβαν χώρα η ενάγουσα προσκομίζει την προρρηθείσα ένορκη βεβαίωση της υπαλλήλου της, Ε.Π., κατά την οποία μεταξύ άλλων γίνεται η αναφορά ότι «οι πωλήτριες είχαν τον κίνδυνο της ζημίας των πραγμάτων, με συνέπεια λόγω της καταστροφής τους να υποστούν ζημία ίση με την τιμολογιακή αξία των εμπορευμάτων τους», χωρίς να αναφέρει, η μάρτυρας, από πού έλαβε γνώση αυτής της πληροφορίας, δηλονότι η ίδια στην αρχή της κατάθεσης της αναφέρει ότι την ένδικη υπόθεση τη γνωρίζει από τα έγγραφα του φακέλου της και από συζητήσεις με τον πραγματογνώμονα της εταιρίας «Κ. ΑΕ». Όμως η ενάγουσα στην κρινόμενη υπόθεση δεν προσκομίζει κάποιο έγγραφο από το οποίο να αποδεικνύεται, αμέσως ή εμμέσως, η σύναψη, κατά την κατάρτιση των συμβάσεων πώλησης, μεταξύ των ανωτέρω πωλητών και των αγοραστούν τους, ότι τα εμπορεύματα θα μεταφέρονταν με κίνδυνο των πωλητών. Η κατάθεση εξάλλου, της συγκεκριμένης μάρτυρα της ενάγουσας. κλονίζεται από την αναγραφή στα περισσότερα από τα δελτία αποστολών που εξέδωσαν οι περισσότερες από τις ανωτέρω πωλήτριες ότι τα πωληθέντα εμπορεύματα ταξιδεύουν με κίνδυνο του αγοραστή (βλ. σχετικά τα &#8230; δελτία αποστολής της εταιρίας «&#8230;», &#8230; δελτία αποστολής της εταιρίας «&#8230;», &#8230; δελτίο αποστολής της εταιρίας Χ.Σ. ΑΒΕΕ, και άλλα σχετικά έγγραφα προσκομιζόμενα από την ενάγουσα υπό αρίθμηση 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 41, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50 που περιέχουν δελτία αποστολής των περισσοτέρων πωλητριών, όπου αναγράφεται ότι η μεταφορά των εμπορευμάτων γίνεται με ευθύνη του αγοραστή, αναγραφή που δε θα υπήρχε αν είχε συμφωνηθεί διαφορετικά, όπως ισχυρίζεται η ενάγουσα, ενώ και στα υπόλοιπα παραστατικά δε γίνεται καμία αναφορά ότι τα εμπορεύματα ταξιδεύουν με κίνδυνο του πωλητή (βλ. σχετικά έγγραφα προσκομιζόμενα από την ενάγουσα υπό αρίθμηση 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26,27, 30, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54). Από τα ανωτέρω ενισχύεται η κρίση του Δικαστηρίου για τη μη απόδειξη του αναφερόμενου ισχυρισμού της ενάγουσας στην αγωγή, που επανέλαβε και στις προτάσεις της, προς απόρριψη του περί αοριστίας ισχυρισμού του εναγομένου, ότι κατά τη σύμβαση της πώλησης οι πωλήτριες είχαν τον κίνδυνο της ζημίας των πραγμάτων μέχρι την παράδοση στον αγοραστή. Εξάλλου, η ενάγουσα δεν επικαλείται και δεν αποδεικνύει ότι μεταγενέστερα, ακόμα και μετά την καταστροφή των μεταφερόμενων εμπορευμάτων, εξαιτίας της πυρκαγιάς, οι πωλητές και οι αγοραστές συμφώνησαν να καταργήσουν τις συμβάσεις πώλησης που κατήρτισαν, με περαιτέρω συνέπεια, σύμφωνα με τα αναφερόμενα ανωτέρω στη μείζονα πρόταση, την κτήση του δικαιώματος αποζημίωσης έναντι των τρίτων από τους πωλητές. Ως εκ τούτου δεν αποδεικνύεται ότι οι ανωτέρω πωλητές, στους οποίους η ενάγουσα, ασφαλιστική εταιρία, κατέβαλε τα ως άνω ποσά, ως αποζημίωση δυνάμει της προαναφερόμενης ασφαλιστικής σύμβασης, υπέρ των δικαιούχων των εκάστοτε εμπορευμάτων, που συνήψε με την προρρηθείσα παραγγελιοδόχο εταιρία, έχουν υποστεί ζημία και δικαιούνται να αξιώσουν αποζημίωση από τον εναγόμενο μεταφορέα, με περαιτέρω συνέπεια να μην αποδεικνύεται ότι η ενάγουσα ασφαλιστική εταιρία, που κατέβαλε σε αυτούς τα ανωτέρα χρηματικά ποσά, υποκαθίσταται σε υφιστάμενα δικαιώματα αποζημίωσης.</p>
<p>Κατ’ ακολουθία των ανωτέρω η ενάγουσα δε νομιμοποιείται στην άσκηση της αγωγής, η οποία πρέπει να απορριφθεί ως ουσιαστικά αβάσιμη, ενώ περαιτέρω παρέλκει η εξέταση των ανωτέρω ενστάσεων του εναγομένου και της αντένστασης της ενάγουσας.</p>
<p>Μονομελές Πρωτοδικείο Πατρών 244/2011<br />
Πρωτοδίκης: Λουκάς Σελιάχας</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Supply Chain</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 07:19:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Logisticians & Warehousekeepers Liabilities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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<p>&nbsp;</p>
 <img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?view=1&post_id=1288" width="1" height="1" style="display: none;" /><p><a class="a2a_button_facebook_like addtoany_special_service" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain/"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter_tweet addtoany_special_service" data-count="none" data-url="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain/" data-text="Supply Chain"></a><a class="a2a_button_google_plusone addtoany_special_service" data-annotation="none" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain/"></a><a class="a2a_dd a2a_target addtoany_share_save" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Fourblog.greenwoods.org%2Fsupply-chain%2F&amp;title=Supply%20Chain" id="wpa2a_6"><img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/share_save_120_16.png" width="120" height="16" alt="Share"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Risk Management in Supply- Chain</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/risk-management-in-supply-chain-2/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/risk-management-in-supply-chain-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 17:02:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/?p=1283</guid>
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Risk Management in Supply- Chain TRADE DISRUPTION INSURANCE The effectiveness of Trade Disruption Insurance (TDI) as a form of risk management in supply-chain security. An Effective Solution Against Supply-Chain Security Risk. Trade disruption insurance,(TDI) protects against loss of profits and extra expenses arising from an insured event in the assured&#8217;s supply chains. The uniqueness of [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1248\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvbWFyaW5lLWluZGVtbml0aWVzL3ByaW50LTMv"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1248" title="Print" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" alt="" width="95" height="134" /></a>Risk Management in Supply- Chain</p>
<p>TRADE DISRUPTION INSURANCE</p>
<p>The effectiveness of Trade Disruption Insurance (TDI)<br />
as a form of risk management in supply-chain security.</p>
<p>An Effective Solution Against Supply-Chain Security Risk.</p>
<p>Trade disruption insurance,(TDI) protects against loss of profits and extra expenses arising from an insured event in the assured&#8217;s supply chains. The uniqueness of TDI is that it will respond even if the assured&#8217;s property is not damaged, unlike traditional forms of insurance cover.</p>
<p>It is effective as a risk management tool by mitigating the effects of the threats to the organization&#8217;s critical paths and nodes (as well as the supply-chain overall).</p>
<p>The insurance cover protecting the supply chains from being blocked owing to an act, or by the order of the local or national authorities.</p>
<p>The insured events were defined as:</p>
<p><em><strong>&#8220;Partial or total closure by the appropriate authorities or unintentional physical blockage of any berth, port, bridge, channel, canal, waterway, road or railway line &#8230; by, under, or by the lawful order of the police, local or national authority or government&#8230;&#8221; The insured events also included strikes, riots, civil commotion and malicious damage.</strong></em></p>
<p>The policy is designed to respond to the insured event by paying the net loss which was defined as the assured&#8217;s net profit lost during the period of indemnity relating to that proportion of the insured&#8217;s revenue which is lost by the occurrence of an insured event provided such revenue was connected to a contract at the time of the occurrence of the insured event.</p>
<p>The policy is similar to the one above in that it also covered acts of strikes, riots and civil commotion as well as malicious damage.</p>
<p>However, the policy also includes:</p>
<p><em><strong>&#8220;&#8230; physical damage or physical destruction to or at the scheduled ports and/or key transport infrastructure within a range of the scheduled ports directly caused by war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, insurrection or civil strife arising there from or any hostile act by or against a belligerent power.&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<p>In addition, the policy covers:</p>
<p><em><strong>&#8220;&#8230; Physical damage or physical destruction or Physical loss to or at the scheduled ports and/or key transport infrastructure within a range of the scheduled ports from: Fire, lighting, explosion, looting, natural phenomena, overflowing water courses, pipe breakage, flood, rain filtration, avalanche, landslide, weight of snow or ice, hail, wind, sea swell, sea quake, tsunami, sprinkler leakage, volcanic eruption, smoke, earthquake and/or fire following, storm, aircraft and/or objects falling therefrom, spontaneous combustion, vehicle impact, debris removal, collapse of buildings, subsidence, impact with fixed or floating objects including vessel impact, port blockage, spillage or general, bulk or IMO cargo.&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<p>It is effective in insuring a company&#8217;s net profit and additional costs and expenses against the risk of an act of terrorism directed at the company&#8217;s supply chains, and as such is an effective form of risk management for supply chain risk managers.</p>
<p>Managing Supply-Chain Risk</p>
<p>The security risk assessment shall:</p>
<p><em><strong>&#8220;&#8230; consider the likelihood of an event and all of its consequences which shall include physical failure threats and risks, such as functional failure, incidental damage, malicious damage or criminal action . . . operational threats and risks etc.&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<p>The emphasis is on identifying all of the threats to the organization&#8217;s supply chains, not only the upstream and downstream threats.</p>
<p>The organization shall:</p>
<p><em><strong>&#8220;&#8230; establish, implement and maintain appropriate plans and procedures to identify the potential for, and responses to, security incidents and emergency situations, and for preventing and mitigating the likely consequences that can be associated with them.&#8221;</strong></em></p>
<p>Conclusion</p>
<p>Trade disruption insurance is unique among insurance products. It has been shown to be versatile in responding to events where no physical damage to property has occurred, and thus will respond where other insurance products do not. As a risk management tool for supply-chain managers, its importance cannot be underestimated.</p>
<p>Takis Kalogerakos<br />
Marine Cargo Underwriter<br />
takis@greenwoods.org   www.greenwoods.org  http://ourblog.greenwoods.org</p>
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		<title>Supply Chain (ΔΙΑΚΟΠΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΩΝ)</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%b1%ce%ba%ce%bf%cf%80%ce%b7-%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%b3%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b9%cf%89%ce%bd/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-%ce%b4%ce%b9%ce%b1%ce%ba%ce%bf%cf%80%ce%b7-%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%b3%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b9%cf%89%ce%bd/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 16:55:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Logisticians & Warehousekeepers Liabilities]]></category>

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Διαχείριση Κινδύνων στην Εφοδιαστική Αλυσίδα ΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΗ ΔΙΑΚΟΠΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΩΝ Μια Αποτελεσματική Λύση Έναντι του Κινδύνου Ασφαλείας της Εφοδιαστικής Αλυσίδας. Η Ασφάλιση Διακοπής Εργασιών (TDI) προστατεύει την Επιχείρηση από την απώλεια των κερδών και των επιπλέον εξόδων που προκύπτουν από ένα ασφαλιζόμενο συμβάν στην εφοδιαστική αλυσίδα. Η μοναδικότητα αυτής της Ασφάλισης είναι ότι θα ανταποκριθεί ακόμη και [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1248\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvbWFyaW5lLWluZGVtbml0aWVzL3ByaW50LTMv"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1248" title="Print" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" alt="" width="86" height="123" /></a>Διαχείριση Κινδύνων στην Εφοδιαστική Αλυσίδα</p>
<p>ΑΣΦΑΛΙΣΗ ΔΙΑΚΟΠΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΩΝ</p>
<p>Μια Αποτελεσματική Λύση Έναντι του Κινδύνου Ασφαλείας της Εφοδιαστικής Αλυσίδας.</p>
<p>Η Ασφάλιση Διακοπής Εργασιών (TDI) προστατεύει την Επιχείρηση από την απώλεια των κερδών και των επιπλέον εξόδων που προκύπτουν από ένα ασφαλιζόμενο συμβάν στην εφοδιαστική αλυσίδα.</p>
<p>Η μοναδικότητα αυτής της Ασφάλισης είναι ότι θα ανταποκριθεί ακόμη και εάν η περιουσία του ασφαλισμένου δεν έχει υποστεί ζημία, σε αντίθεση με τις παραδοσιακές μορφές της ασφαλιστικής κάλυψης.</p>
<p>Πρόκειται για ένα αποτελεσματικό εργαλείο διαχείρισης κινδύνων που μετριάζει τις επιπτώσεις των απωλειών σε κρίσιμες εξελίξεις, για την εφοδιαστική αλυσίδα συνολικά.</p>
<p>Η ασφαλιστική κάλυψη προστατεύει την εφοδιαστική αλυσίδα από τον αποκλεισμό συνεπεία μιας ενέργειας, είτε από την απόφαση των τοπικών ή εθνικών αρχών.</p>
<p>Τα ασφαλιζόμενα συμβάντα ορίζονται ως εξής:</p>
<p><strong><em>«Μερική ή ολική παύση λειτουργίας από τις αρμόδιες αρχές ή ακούσιο φυσικό αποκλεισμό από οποιαδήποτε προβλήτα, λιμάνι, γέφυρα, δίαυλο, κανάλι, πλωτή μεταφορά, οδική ή σιδηροδρομική γραμμή…. από, στο πλαίσιο ή με την νόμιμη εντολή της αστυνομίας, τοπικών ή εθνικών αρχών ή κυβέρνησης….» Τα ασφαλιζόμενα συμβάντα περιλαμβάνουν επίσης, απεργίες, οχλαγωγίες, πολιτικές ταραχές και κακόβουλες ζημίες.</em></strong></p>
<p>Το συμβόλαιο είναι σχεδιασμένο για να ανταποκριθεί στις απαιτήσεις για την καταβολή της απώλειας, η οποία έχει οριστεί ως το απολεσθέν καθαρό κέρδος του ασφαλισμένου κατά την περίοδο της αποζημίωσης σε σχέση με το ποσοστό των εσόδων του, που έχει απολεσθεί από την επέλευση του ασφαλιζόμενου γεγονότος, εφόσον το εν λόγω έσοδο συνδέεται με σύμβαση κατά τον χρόνο εμφάνισης του ασφαλισμένου γεγονότος.</p>
<p>Ωστόσο, το συμβόλαιο περιλαμβάνει επίσης:</p>
<p><strong><em>“….φυσική βλάβη ή φυσική καταστροφή ή φυσική απώλεια στους σχεδιασμένους λιμένες ή/και τη βασική υποδομή μεταφορών εντός του εύρους των λιμένων αυτών που προκαλούνται άμεσα από τον πόλεμο, τον εμφύλιο πόλεμο, την επανάσταση, την εξέγερση ή εμφύλια διαμάχη που προκύπτει ή οποιαδήποτε εχθρική πράξη από ή κατά εχθρικής δύναμης.»</em></strong></p>
<p>Επιπλέον το συμβόλαιο καλύπτει:</p>
<p><em><strong>“….φυσική βλάβη ή φυσική καταστροφή ή φυσική απώλεια στους σχεδιασμένους λιμένες ή/και τη βασική υποδομή μεταφορών εντός του εύρους των λιμένων αυτών από: Πυρκαγιά, αστραπή, έκρηξη, λεηλασίες, φυσικά φαινόμενα, υπερχείλιση, ρήξη σωλήνα, πλημμύρα, διήθηση βροχής, χιονοστιβάδα, κατολίσθηση, το βάρος του χιονιού ή του πάγου, χαλάζι, άνεμο, φούσκωμα θάλασσας, θαλάσσιο σεισμό, τσουνάμι, διαρροή ψεκαστήρων, ηφαιστειακή έκρηξη, καπνό, σεισμό και/ή πυρκαγιά, καταιγίδα, αεροσκάφη και/ή αντικείμενα που προέρχονται από αυτά, αυτανάφλεξη, πρόσκρουση οχήματος, απομάκρυνση συντριμμιών, κατάρρευση κτιρίων, καθιζήσεις, πρόσκρουση από σταθερά ή πλωτά αντικείμενα, συμπεριλαμβανομένου του προσκρουόμενου σκάφους, την παρεμπόδιση λιμένος, την διαρροή ή γενικά, χύμα ή IMO φορτία.»</strong></em></p>
<p>Η κάλυψη είναι αποτελεσματική στην ασφάλιση καθαρών κερδών της εταιρείας και επιπλέον εξόδων και δαπανών έναντι του κινδύνου μιας τρομοκρατικής ενέργειας προς τις εφοδιαστικές αλυσίδες της εταιρείας, και ως εκ τούτου είναι μια αποτελεσματική μορφή διαχείρισης κινδύνων για τους διαχειριστές κινδύνου της εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας.</p>
<p>Διαχείριση Κινδύνου Εφοδιαστικής Αλυσίδας</p>
<p>Η αξιολόγηση του κινδύνου ασφαλείας πρέπει να:</p>
<p><em><strong>«…εξετάζει την πιθανότητα ενός συμβάντος και το σύνολο των συνεπειών της, όπου περιλαμβάνονται φυσικές απειλές και κίνδυνοι, όπως λειτουργική αστοχία, τυχαίες ζημιές, κακόβουλη ζημία ή εγκληματική ενέργεια…. λειτουργικές απειλές και κίνδυνοι κλπ.»</strong></em></p>
<p>Η έμφαση δίνεται στον προσδιορισμό όλων των κινδύνων που αντιμετωπίζει η εφοδιαστική αλυσίδα.</p>
<p>Ο φορέας πρέπει να:</p>
<p><em><strong>«….θεσπίζει, να εφαρμόζει και να διατηρεί κατάλληλα σχέδια και διαδικασίες για τον προσδιορισμό των δυνατοτήτων για συμβάντα ασφαλείας και καταστάσεις έκτακτης ανάγκης, καθώς και για την πρόληψη και τον περιορισμό των πιθανών επιπτώσεων που μπορεί να συνδέονται με αυτά.»</strong></em></p>
<p>Συμπέρασμα</p>
<p>Η ασφάλιση διακοπής εργασιών είναι μοναδική μεταξύ των ασφαλιστικών προϊόντων. Έχει αποδειχθεί ότι είναι ευέλικτη στην αντιμετώπιση γεγονότων όπου δεν έχει σημειωθεί φυσική ζημία σε περιουσία. Ως εργαλείο διαχείρισης κινδύνων για τους διαχειριστές της εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας, η σημασία της δεν μπορεί να υποτιμηθεί.</p>
<p>Τάκης Καλογεράκος<br />
Marine Cargo Underwriter<br />
takis@greenwoods.org</p>
<p>www.greenwoods.org</p>
<p>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Supply Chain 13/12/2011 Θεσσαλονίκη</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-13122011-%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%83%cf%83%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%ba%ce%b7/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-13122011-%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%83%cf%83%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%ba%ce%b7/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 15:39:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/?p=1269</guid>
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Συνέδριο της Greenwoods Μεσίτες Ασφαλίσεων ΕΠΕ στην Θεσσαλονίκη Με μεγάλη επιτυχία διοργανώθηκε την Τρίτη, 13 Δεκεμβρίου, στο ξενοδοχείο Mediterranean Palace στην Θεσσαλονίκη, το συνέδριο με θέμα «Logistics – Ναυτιλία – Λιμάνια» &#8211; Καλύψεις και Ευθύνες, από την εταιρία Greenwoods Μεσίτες Ασφαλίσεων ΕΠΕ με εισηγητή &#8211; συντονιστή τον Τεχνικό Διευθυντή της εταιρίας, κ. Τάκη Καλογεράκο. Στο [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Thessaloniki-13-12-2011-024.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p><strong><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1270\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvc3VwcGx5LWNoYWluLTEzMTIyMDExLSVjZSViOCVjZSViNSVjZiU4MyVjZiU4MyVjZSViMSVjZSViYiVjZSViZiVjZSViZCVjZSVhZiVjZSViYSVjZSViNy9vbHltcHVzLWRpZ2l0YWwtY2FtZXJhLw=="><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1270" title="OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Thessaloniki-13-12-2011-024.jpg" alt="" width="108" height="80" /></a>Συνέδριο της </strong><strong>Greenwoods</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Μεσίτες Ασφαλίσεων ΕΠΕ στην Θεσσαλονίκη</strong></p>
<p>Με μεγάλη επιτυχία διοργανώθηκε την Τρίτη, 13 Δεκεμβρίου, στο ξενοδοχείο Mediterranean Palace στην Θεσσαλονίκη, το συνέδριο με θέμα<strong> </strong><strong>«</strong><strong>Logistics</strong><strong> – Ναυτιλία – Λιμάνια» &#8211; Καλύψεις και Ευθύνες</strong>, από την εταιρία Greenwoods Μεσίτες Ασφαλίσεων ΕΠΕ με εισηγητή &#8211; συντονιστή τον Τεχνικό Διευθυντή της εταιρίας, κ. <strong>Τάκη Καλογεράκο.</strong></p>
<p>Στο Συνέδριο, το οποίο παρακολούθησαν <strong>70 </strong><strong>επιχειρηματίες από την Βόρειο Ελλάδα</strong>. Oι σύνεδροι είχαν την ευκαιρία να ανταλλάξουν απόψεις για τα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζουν οι εταιρείες Logistics, οι Διαμεταφορείς και Μεταφορείς, οι Ναυτιλιακές Εταιρείες καθώς και οι Εταιρείες Διαχείρισης Λιμένων σε τεχνικά θέματα, σε θέματα ευθυνών και ασφαλίσεων.</p>
<p>Την όλη εκδήλωση επιμελήθηκε η κα. <strong>Ιωάννα Γεωργιάδου</strong>, Διευθύντρια του υποκαταστήματος της Greenwoods στην Θεσσαλονίκη και τον συντονισμό της συζήτησης είχε ο κ. Τάκης Καλογεράκος, με τη συμμετοχή του κ. <strong>Βασίλειου Καρπούζα</strong>, Νομικού Συμβούλου της Εταιρίας στην Θεσσαλονίκη.</p>
<p>Μια ευχάριστη και δροσερή παρουσία ήταν οι νεαροί φοιτητές του Τμήματος Logistics του Πανεπιστημίου Κατερίνης μαζί με τον Καθηγητή τους, κ. <strong>Χρήστο</strong> <strong>Βρόντο</strong>, οι οποίοι με τις εύστοχες ερωτήσεις τους έδειξαν ένα θετικό δείγμα, ποιοι θα αποτελέσουν την νέα γενιά για το μέλλον του Supply Chain.</p>
 <img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?view=1&post_id=1269" width="1" height="1" style="display: none;" /><p><a class="a2a_button_facebook_like addtoany_special_service" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-13122011-%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%83%cf%83%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%ba%ce%b7/"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter_tweet addtoany_special_service" data-count="none" data-url="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-13122011-%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%83%cf%83%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%ba%ce%b7/" data-text="Supply Chain 13/12/2011 Θεσσαλονίκη"></a><a class="a2a_button_google_plusone addtoany_special_service" data-annotation="none" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-13122011-%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%83%cf%83%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%ba%ce%b7/"></a><a class="a2a_dd a2a_target addtoany_share_save" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Fourblog.greenwoods.org%2Fsupply-chain-13122011-%25ce%25b8%25ce%25b5%25cf%2583%25cf%2583%25ce%25b1%25ce%25bb%25ce%25bf%25ce%25bd%25ce%25af%25ce%25ba%25ce%25b7%2F&amp;title=Supply%20Chain%2013%2F12%2F2011%20%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7" id="wpa2a_12"><img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/share_save_120_16.png" width="120" height="16" alt="Share"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/supply-chain-13122011-%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%83%cf%83%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%bd%ce%af%ce%ba%ce%b7/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:content url="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Thessaloniki-13-12-2011-024.jpg" width="640" height="480" medium="image" type="image/jpeg" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ports Operations</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/ports-operations/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/ports-operations/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Dec 2011 20:32:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Transportation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/?p=1265</guid>
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Shippers are discovering that in today&#8217;s ever-changing liner industry the question is not where your cargo is but who is carrying it. Furthermore, the carriers are paying more attention to who the port operator is together with the location of the port. As a result, port operators should take into account those shippers&#8217; and carriers&#8217; [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1248\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvbWFyaW5lLWluZGVtbml0aWVzL3ByaW50LTMv"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1248" title="Print" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" alt="" width="56" height="81" /></a>Shippers are discovering that in today&#8217;s ever-changing liner industry the question is not where your cargo is but who is carrying it. Furthermore, the carriers are paying more attention to who the port operator is together with the location of the port. As a result, port operators should take into account those shippers&#8217; and carriers&#8217; desires, improve their handling services by vertical and horizontal co-operations to increase customers&#8217; satisfactions and loyalties as much as possible by means of restructuring their service processes, management information systems, etc. One of the further research directions could be the social status effect on the cooperation among the port operators. Similar to the effects on shipping alliances this factor could affect the relationship, negotiation and development of port co-operations as well.</p>
 <img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?view=1&post_id=1265" width="1" height="1" style="display: none;" /><p><a class="a2a_button_facebook_like addtoany_special_service" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/ports-operations/"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter_tweet addtoany_special_service" data-count="none" data-url="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/ports-operations/" data-text="Ports Operations"></a><a class="a2a_button_google_plusone addtoany_special_service" data-annotation="none" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/ports-operations/"></a><a class="a2a_dd a2a_target addtoany_share_save" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Fourblog.greenwoods.org%2Fports-operations%2F&amp;title=Ports%20Operations" id="wpa2a_14"><img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/share_save_120_16.png" width="120" height="16" alt="Share"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>BILL OF LADING</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/bill-of-lading/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/bill-of-lading/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Dec 2011 20:35:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Legal Cases]]></category>

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DELIVERY WITHOUT PRODUCTION OF BILL OF LADING One of the first things to note in relation to this situation is that, in most circumstances, Ρ &#38; I cover does not operate to protect the carrier in respect of any claim arising out of delivery of goods without production of bill of lading. Clubs will advise [...]]]></description>
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		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p><strong><em><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1248\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvbWFyaW5lLWluZGVtbml0aWVzL3ByaW50LTMv"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1248" title="Print" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" alt="" width="85" height="121" /></a>DELIVERY WITHOUT PRODUCTION OF BILL OF LADING</em></strong></p>
<p>One of the first things to note in relation to this situation is that, in most circumstances, Ρ &amp; I cover does not operate to protect the carrier in respect of any claim arising out of delivery of goods without production of bill of lading. Clubs will advise on the wording of indemnities but this is one area where there is no cover. This is because it is a practice open to abuse and is one where there is not mutuality between club members, as some members would adopt this practice more frequently than others. Accordingly the only protection which a carrier who agrees to deliver goods without production of bill of lading has is the indemnity which he takes in return for so doing. He is therefore usually reluctant to accept a personal indemnity from the merchant and requires the indemnity to be countersigned by a reputable bank to guarantee performance.</p>
<p>Let us examine the terms of a typical indemnity of this type (which is shown opposite) and see what provision it contains and why.</p>
<p>1)     This is the main indemnity clause in which the merchant indemnifies the carrier etc. against all consequences of complying with his request to deliver the goods to him without surrender of the appropriate documentation.</p>
<p>2)     Disputes involving delivery of goods without production of a bill of lading to the wrong party often drag on for a considerable period of time. Therefore the carrier makes provision for being put in funds from time to time if complying with the Merchant&#8217;s request involves him in a court action with a third party.</p>
<p>3)     If a third party takes action against the carrier for wrongful delivery, he may reinforce this action and guarantee his recovery in the event of a successful court action by arresting one of the carrier&#8217;s vessels or placing a Mareva injunction on some other asset. This clause provides for the carrier to take whatever action is necessary to remove the arrest or threat of arrest at the expense of the merchant. It is carefully worded to be an indemnity rather than a bail bond, under which the merchant would have to put up the necessary security to secure freedom from arrest, in order that the bank will countersign it, as most banks will not countersign bail bonds.</p>
<p>4)     Sometimes the merchant may approach the carrier to request a delivery order for goods that are still in transit without production of a bill of lading. In this case it is possible that additional charges may accrue and it is even possible for general average to occur prior to delivery. This clause covers this situation but, if the voyage is completed and there is no further possibility of additional charges or general average, the clause may be amended accordingly.</p>
<p>5)     This clause provides for the merchant to surrender an original bill of lading to the carrier as soon as it comes into his care. The merchant will probably do this very promptly in any event as he will wish to recover the bank supported indemnity from the carrier so that he can surrender it to his bank and stop the accrual of interest which he is paying to secure the bank&#8217;s countersignature to the indemnity. The Carrier needs to be wary of such occasions as delivering the goods without production of a bill of lading may have caused some third party to incur costs of which the carrier is unaware, so that there may be a claim forthcoming from a third party unbeknown to the carrier. He may also have incurred expenses, which he has not yet paid, that he will wish to recover from the merchant. For this reason he would be well advised to ask for a personal indemnity from the merchant (which the merchant should be quite happy to give if there is no hidden reason of which he is aware for it to need to be enforced) in return for the bank supported indemnity, so that the carrier still has an indemnity which he can enforce if the need arises. This is the thinking behind the last phrase in this clause.</p>
<p>6)    The point of this clause is to allow the carrier to proceed directly against the bank in the first instance without first having to show that he has proceeded without success against the merchant. If, unbeknown to the carrier, the merchant is engaged in questionable activities, he is frequently very difficult to locate and, even if located, often less than co-operative. Accordingly, the carrier prefers to proceed against the bank and leave the bank to sort out the problem with its customer.</p>
<p>7)    This draft indemnity applies English law and calls for the jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice of England. In some areas banks are averse to signing indemnities with foreign jurisdiction clauses and carriers may encounter resistance and have to compromise on the law and jurisdiction clause in indemnities. The extent to which they are willing to compromise will depend upon their view of the alternative law and court required by the bank. In this context it must be borne in mind that it is the carrier who is being asked to take the risk by delivering other than in accordance with normal commercial practice and he should therefore be allowed to require an indemnity in the terms of his choice.</p>
<p>8)    Once upon a time banks were prepared to countersign indemnities unlimited in both time and amount but, with increasing regulation by central banks which require the banks to deposit funds with them based on their dependent liabilities, there is increasing pressure on banks to quantify their outstanding liabilities. For this reason banks are increasingly resistant to signing unlimited indemnities. As a claim based on delivery of goods without production of a bill of lading will frequently include other expenses in addition to the value of the goods, it is not possible to agree to limit the indemnity to the value of the goods. Two hundred per cent of the value of the goods is the arbitrary figure commonly used as a reasonable maximum to apply. So far as time bars are concerned, with the possibility of the Hamburg Rules with a two year time bar being involved, this is set at three years in case of a last minute claim being made at the end of two years to give the carrier time to investigate and refer it on the indemnity.</p>
<p>This clause provides for the indemnity from the merchant to be unlimited in time and amount but limits the bank&#8217;s countersignature to 200 per cent and three years in order to produce a finite guarantee, which banks find more acceptable for reasons outlined above.</p>
<p>Carriers would be well advised always to be on their guard whenever requested to deliver goods without production of a bill of lading, whether or not against a letter of indemnity as, amongst the genuine requests, there will be requests based on mischievous action. In most cases those &#8220;up to no good&#8221; will attempt to secure delivery without production of a bill of lading without an indemnity or against a personal indemnity pleading that the bill is coming tomorrow and will be surrendered then and the merchant wishes to avoid incurring the charges of the bank to secure the bank&#8217;s countersignature. Instances have occurred (more than one!) of naive shipping clerks being taken in by glib merchants with this type of request, when the real reason behind the request is that the merchant has an outstanding dispute with his supplier over an earlier consignment (poor quality etc.) and thinks that, if he can get hold of the next consignment without paying for it (i.e. taking up the bill of lading at the bank), he has the upper hand in any dealings with his supplier over his claim on an earlier consignment. On such occasions a suspicious mind and an insistence on checking back with the shipper that he has been paid, before delivery is effected against a bank supported indemnity, is essential if grief is wished to be avoided.</p>
<p>Takis Kalogerakos</p>
<p>Marine Underwriter</p>
<p>www.greenwoods.org</p>
 <img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?view=1&post_id=1252" width="1" height="1" style="display: none;" /><p><a class="a2a_button_facebook_like addtoany_special_service" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/bill-of-lading/"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter_tweet addtoany_special_service" data-count="none" data-url="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/bill-of-lading/" data-text="BILL OF LADING"></a><a class="a2a_button_google_plusone addtoany_special_service" data-annotation="none" data-href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/bill-of-lading/"></a><a class="a2a_dd a2a_target addtoany_share_save" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Fourblog.greenwoods.org%2Fbill-of-lading%2F&amp;title=BILL%20OF%20LADING" id="wpa2a_16"><img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/share_save_120_16.png" width="120" height="16" alt="Share"/></a></p>]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>MARINE INDEMNITIES</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/marine-indemnities/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/marine-indemnities/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Dec 2011 20:09:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Legal Cases]]></category>

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In a liability conscious world indemnities inevitably proliferate and are frequently regarded (often incorrectly) as the answer to every problem. Before offering an indemnity as a solution to a problem an indemnifyor should consider carefully the wording of the indemnity and the exposure to liability that this precipitates. Equally the indemnified should bear in mind [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1248\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvbWFyaW5lLWluZGVtbml0aWVzL3ByaW50LTMv"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1248" title="Print" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/greenwoods-logo.jpg" alt="" width="79" height="113" /></a>In a liability conscious world indemnities inevitably proliferate and are frequently regarded (often incorrectly) as the answer to every problem.</p>
<p>Before offering an indemnity as a solution to a problem an indemnifyor should consider carefully the wording of the indemnity and the exposure to liability that this precipitates.</p>
<p>Equally the indemnified should bear in mind that an indemnity is only as good as the person giving it and consider the difficulties that he is likely to have enforcing it if need arises.</p>
<p>Overall consideration needs to be given to how the law looks at such matters, particularly regarding enforcement. It has been explained in earlier chapters that the English court will only enforce indemnities in the absence of negligence, unless the indemnity makes it quite clear that it is to operate even in the event of negligence.</p>
<p>It also needs to be borne in mind that the law regards indemnities for the issue of clean bills of lading for discrepant goods as being tantamount to conspiracy between the carrier and the shipper to defraud a consignee who is entitled to rely upon the description of the goods shown on the bill of lading as being accurate at the time of the commencement of carriage.</p>
<p>Accordingly the law would not enforce such indemnities as being illegal contracts and, if the shipper chose not to honor this indemnity, there would be nothing that the carrier could do about it.</p>
<p>Nevertheless indemnities of various types are frequently encountered in shipping and the combined transport industry.</p>
<p>There are indemnities for allowing officers and crew to take their wives to sea, which indemnities are as much to bring vital instructions to the attention of the parties concerned as to act as an indemnity in respect of all medical expenses which the wife may incur and against which the wife is required to take out appropriate insurance. Similar indemnities are usually required from livestock shippers for allowing a handler to travel with any livestock.</p>
<p>This indemnity is usually taken from the employer rather than the employee as, it may not always be enforceable against the employee under the Unfair Contract Terms Act because of the lack of parity in bargaining stature between the livestock handler and the carrier.</p>
<p>However, the most frequently encountered indemnity is that for delivery of goods without production of bill of lading if the goods arrive ahead of the documents or the documents become lost.</p>
<p>Takis Kalogerakos</p>
<p>Marine Underwriter</p>
<p>www.greenwoods.org</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<item>
		<title>DOUBLE INSURANCE AND CONTRIBUTION</title>
		<link>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/double-insurance-and-contribution/</link>
		<comments>http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/double-insurance-and-contribution/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Nov 2011 12:11:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Takis Kalogerakos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Legal Cases]]></category>

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There is a misconception quite widely held that double insurance is in itself illegal. Firstly, we shall look at the circumstances where double insurance may arise innocently or unknowingly. Secondly, we shall review those circumstances where double insurance is arranged deliberately for perfectly proper reasons. Thirdly, there are the cases where the reason for arranging [...]]]></description>
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<p style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 15px; width:240px;">
		<img src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/green4.jpg" width="240" />
		</p><p><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1222\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvZG91YmxlLWluc3VyYW5jZS1hbmQtY29udHJpYnV0aW9uL2xsb3lkcy10YWtpcy0yLw=="></a><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-1226\" href="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-feed-statistics/feed-statistics.php?url=aHR0cDovL291cmJsb2cuZ3JlZW53b29kcy5vcmcvZG91YmxlLWluc3VyYW5jZS1hbmQtY29udHJpYnV0aW9uL2dyZWVuNC0yLw=="><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1226" title="green4" src="http://ourblog.greenwoods.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/green4.jpg" alt="" width="74" height="109" /></a>There is a misconception quite widely held that double insurance is in itself illegal.</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><strong><em>Firstly,</em></strong> we shall look at the circumstances where double insurance may arise innocently or unknowingly.</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><strong><em>Secondly,</em></strong> we shall review those circumstances where double insurance is arranged deliberately for perfectly proper reasons.</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><strong><em>Thirdly</em>,</strong> there are the cases where the reason for arranging double insurance is completely improper. Whilst discussing these types of double insurance, we shall also look at each of them to identify the effect arranging this cover has for both the Assured&#8217;s and Insurers.</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><strong><em>Finally,</em></strong> there is the question of what happens where an insurer is asked to pay a claim where double insurance has been effected. What are his rights and remedies at law and in market practice? What is contribution and how does it work in these circumstances.</p>
<p>Having outlined the structure of this session however, I believe it would be wise before we go any further to identify exactly what is meant by the term <em>&#8220;Double Insurance&#8221;</em>, particularly as far as this talk is concerned.</p>
<p>Marine Insurance Act, which became law in 1906 Double Insurance is defined in the Act &#8211; Section 32 (1) &#8211; as:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>&#8220;Where two or more policies are effected by or on behalf of the assured on the same adventure and interest or any part thereof, and the sums insured exceed the indemnity allowed by this Act, the assured is said to be over-insured by double insurance&#8221;.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>You will note it does not say this must not happen, or that if it does there will be penalties to pay. The Act simply says:</p>
<p><em>&#8220;the assured is said to be over-insured by double insurance&#8221;.</em></p>
<p>By way of clarification, the indemnity allowed by the Act for cargo insurance is expressed in Section 16(3) of the Act as:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>&#8220;In insurance on goods or merchandise, the insurable value is the prime cost of the property insured, plus the expenses of and incidental to shipping and the charges of insurance upon the whole&#8221;.</em></p>
<p>In international trade it con certainly happen that two insurances are effected on the same risk and which ultimately are on the same interest, although not at the time the insurances were effected. The interest is with the party which has insurable interest at the time the policy was arranged. I hope the following examples and circumstances will make the position clearer.</p>
<p><strong><em>However, </em>circumstances where double insurance arises unknowingly.</strong></p>
<p>Any international contract of sale will include provisions regarding where risk in the goods transfers from the seller to the buyer. Most international trade is carried out on terms specified by international agreement and regulated by the International Chamber of Commerce &#8211; these are known as Incoterms.</p>
<p>These terms set out clearly the responsibilities of sellers and buyers in an international sale contract. These will include, amongst other things, which party is responsible for:</p>
<ol>
<li> the provision of the carrying vessel;</li>
<li>export and import documentation;</li>
<li>insurance arrangements, and;</li>
<li>the precise point at which the risk of the goods passes from the seller to the buyer.</li>
</ol>
<p>Without going too deeply into the technicalities of Incoterms, where a contract of sale is arranged on Free on Board (FOB) terms, the seller, amongst other things, is responsible for delivering the goods to a specified port, packed and prepared for loading on board a vessel by a specified date. The ship which is to carry the goods away from that port is arranged by the buyer.</p>
<p>If the sale is on Cost and Freight (CFR, formerly known as C&amp;F) terms, however, in addition to his responsibilities under FOB, the seller has additionally to arrange the vessel which will carry the goods to an agreed port of discharge, where the buyer will arrange for them to be collected.</p>
<p><strong><em>Finally,</em> </strong>where the contract is on Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) terms, in addition to his responsibilities under CFR, the seller arranges marine cargo insurance for the sea voyage at least to the same port of discharge. The minimum scope of cover for this insurance is also defined in Incoterms.</p>
<p>In all three cases, risk in the cargo transfers from the seller to the buyer at the point the cargo crosses the ship’s rail at the port of loading. It is risk which enables us to identify who holds the insurable interest.</p>
<p>Under CIF terms, therefore, the insurance policy arranged by the seller is assigned to the buyer at the point where the risk transfers &#8211; that is on crossing ship&#8217;s rail at the port of loading.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The problem arises when the contract of sale is not entirely clear. Is it a CIF or a CFR sale? Is it a CFR sale where the seller has agreed to arrange the marine insurance outside the contract?</p>
<p>Indeed, is it an FOB sale where the seller has agreed, again outside the terms of sale, to arrange a vessel and arrange insurance on the buyer&#8217;s behalf, simply acting as his agent?</p>
<p>We can picture the scene. A clerk in the buyer&#8217;s office, he is very busy, working under a great deal of pressure. An urgent contract must be completed today.</p>
<p>He is unable to contact the seller; he does not have a full contract in writing &#8211; in all probability all there is to evidence the contract is an e-mail or fax. A few lines detailing what is to be shipped but little else.</p>
<p>International trade, as we all know, is not always as simple as it may appear. Speed of action and commercial pressures sometimes go ahead of sound business practices.</p>
<p>In these circumstances, what is a prudent buyer to do to protect his risk?</p>
<p>Of course! Arrange cargo insurance himself with his local insurer &#8211; probably on an open cover he has had in place for many years, he does not even need to trouble his Broker until the end of the month when he produces his declarations for inclusion in his monthly premium charges.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, the shipment proceeds and the documents relating to the sale finally arrive (in some trades after the vessel has docked and discharged the goods) and there is a certificate of insurance is enclosed with them. There has been double insurance on the cargo &#8211; innocent and unintentional but there nevertheless.</p>
<p>How may this be resolved, particularly if there has been a loss or damage and claims surveys must be arranged. If the correct Terms of Trade become known or clear, it is necessary to assess which policy applied to the shipment.</p>
<p>In these cases, if possible, the insurance should lie with the more specific policy. This may be identified by the circumstances surrounding the error. Additionally, if it can be shown that one set of Underwriters were never on risk, a full return of premium should be made on that policy. In the scenario we are looking at here, however, two policies were on risk for the same interest.</p>
<p>In the event of double insurance in these circumstances, the Assured has a reasonable degree of flexibility as to the policy upon which a claim may be made.</p>
<p><strong>The Marine Insurance Act &#8211; Section 32 (2) &#8211; says:</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>a) </em><em>The assured, unless the policy otherwise provides, may claim payment from the insurers in such order as he may think fit, provided that he is not entitled to receive any sum in excess of the indemnity allowed by this Act. </em></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em> </em></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>b) </em><em>Where the policy under which the assured claims is a valued policy, the assured must give credit as against the valuation for any sum received by him under any other policy without regard to the actual value of the subject-matter insured.</em></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em> </em></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>c) </em><em>Where the policy under which the assured claims is an unvalued policy, he must give credit, as against the full insurable value, for any sum received by him under any other policy.</em></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em> </em></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>d) </em><em>Where the assured receives any sum in excess of the indemnity allowed by this Act, he is deemed to hold such sum in trust for the insurers, according to their right of contribution among themselves.</em></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>These clauses refer to Valued and Unvalued policies.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">1)     A <strong><em>valued policy</em></strong> is one which specifies the value of the subject matter of the insurance agreed between the insurer and the assured.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">2)     An <strong><em>unvalued policy</em></strong> is one which does not specify the value of the subject matter to be insured but, leaves the value to be agreed subsequently in a way specified in the policy. This is the case for example of a cargo open cover or declaration policy.</p>
<p>Another circumstance where such double insurance may arise is where there is a simple misunderstanding as to the terms of sale.</p>
<p>The rather faint orders which says <em>&#8220;we wish to purchase on C&amp;F terms&#8221;</em> (C&amp;F is still used by many people) and which the seller reads as CIF, quoting on this basis. A clerk in the purchaser&#8217;s office does not check the quote properly and misses the reference to &#8220;CIF&#8221;. The seller arranges cargo insurance on his export marine open cover; the buyer arranges cover on his import marine open cover. The result; double insurance.</p>
<p>Again, what happens when the double insurance becomes apparent? As with the first example the more specific policy would apply, in this case probably the seller&#8217;s as their quote was based on CIF, it was an error in the buyer&#8217;s office that the discrepancy was not discovered, although this is by no means certain.</p>
<p><strong><em>Every case is specific to its circumstances.</em></strong></p>
<p>There is also the question of which insurance provides the wider cover and which is more easily cancelled. By this I am also referring to the chances of actually obtaining a return of premium.</p>
<p>A third example is where cargo is being shipped to a construction project site. An insurance package is arranged by the main parties to the project to insure the construction risks (<em>Contractors&#8217; All Risks</em> insurance perhaps) and to insure all imported materials and equipment for cargo risks. These are then wrapped with a liquidated damages or business interruption insurance, a condition of which is that all physical damage risks are insured within the package.</p>
<p>A manufacturer of an item of equipment arranges with one of the sub-contractors to supply the required items. Unfortunately the sub-contractor (who may well be at third or fourth tier within the sub-contracting hierarchy) is unaware of the insurance arrangements and, as he does not wish to get involved with insurance, agrees to purchase CIF. The construction package insurance is based on total turnover with no individual declarations of shipments. The double insurance then comes to light when a claim arises, possibly some time after the transit has finished.</p>
<p>The question of which policy applies here is complicated by the fact that the overall package insurance is subject to all shipments being insured under the package. This is particularly relevant if there is a loss or damage to a major item, delay in delivery of which has a long term effect on the final completion date of the project, therefore prejudicing the business interruption insurance.</p>
<p>One of the major reasons why the consequential loss insurer wishes to insure the physical loss or damage aspect of the transit is so he may make decisions on repair work which may be required taking into account the overall claims position. If, by agreeing for a repair to be carried out which may be uneconomic in the narrow sense of the value of the damaged item, it may be speedier and therefore better overall than waiting for a new item to be produced.</p>
<p>Such a decision would not be made by the supplier&#8217;s insurers who have no interest in the business interruption policy and are not likely to incur additional costs simply to save insurer’s money.</p>
<p>These then are a few examples of where double insurance may arise unknowingly or unintentionally.</p>
<p><em>In some cases where double insurance has arisen deliberately.</em></p>
<p>This may happen quite legitimately, with no intention of profiting from the arrangement of two insurances.</p>
<p><strong><em>Firstly there is Seller&#8217;s Interest.</em></strong></p>
<p>At the outset that there is a strong argument to say that seller&#8217;s interest is not double insurance at all. Please bear here, as using this more as an illustration of a point.</p>
<p>In cases where the responsibility is with the buyer to insure, such as FOB and CFR, the seller may be faced with difficulty if the buyer does not make adequate arrangements for insurance. If the buyer fails to take up the goods when they arrive, or the goods are lost en route and the buyer does not take up the shipping documents, the seller is faced with a considerable problem.</p>
<p>The result of a failure to take up goods or documents is likely to be the failure of the buyer to pay for them. In that case, the seller could look to export credit insurance (or the local equivalent) to remedy the credit risk.</p>
<p>This, though, can be a lengthy process, there is usually a 10% or 20% coinsurance clause and in any event the buyer may well be able to cite a good reason why the goods were not acceptable. Failure to comply with contract specification is often a good excuse.</p>
<p>Whatever the credit insurance position, if goods have been damaged, by which time they are probably in an overseas port, no cargo insurance cover for the benefit of the seller is in force. The buyer almost certainly would not give the seller the benefit of any policy he holds, assuming he has one. Indeed if the documents have not been taken up by the buyer he may be in no position to assign the insurance because it would not be in force as he had no insurable interest.</p>
<p><strong><em>This is where seller&#8217;s interest comes into operation.</em></strong></p>
<p>Seller&#8217;s Interest is not credit insurance, neither does it pay for the return or onward shipment of cargo stranded at overseas ports, unless the movement of goods is required as part of the settlement of a marine claim.</p>
<p>Seller&#8217;s Interest is a contingency insurance providing retrospective cover in cases where a buyer fails to take up the documents or the goods. The insuring conditions are the same as they would be for a primary cargo policy. The same requirements hold for losses to result from an insured peril as with any cargo insurance, with the same exclusions and claims procedures. Likewise the Assured has the same responsibilities to minimize or mitigate losses as with a primary cover.</p>
<p>The significant factor with Seller&#8217;s Interest cover is the requirement for there to be an insurable interest at the time of loss does not exist. In the same way as the interest is retrospective in the example given, so the insurance cover is retrospective.</p>
<p>In view of the lack of an insurable interest element at the time of loss, this insurance is not legally binding and as such is not enforceable in the courts. For this reason Seller&#8217;s Interest policies are also referred to as being <em>&#8220;honor&#8221;</em> policies that is they are binding on insurers only in honor, a law suit would not succeed in obtaining settlement if there were to be a dispute over the recoverability of a loss.</p>
<p><strong><em>In the post, such policies included within them such expressions as:</em></strong></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<ol>
<li> “Policy Proof of Interest”</li>
<li> “Without Benefit of Salvage”</li>
<li>“Full Interest Admitted”</li>
</ol>
<p>But as the policies were and remain legally unenforceable, these statements were redundant and are rarely used today. Indeed, the Marine Insurance (Gambling Policies) Act, 1909 positively excludes them from having any legal force.</p>
<p>Until relatively the clause noting that the policy had provision for seller&#8217;s interest to be pinned to the policy rather than gummed so that in the event of a case going to the courts <em>(not necessarily relating to the seller&#8217;s interest element of the cover)</em> the clause could be removed. The Courts became aware of this practice however, and it was not unknown for a judge to hold a policy document up to the light to see if it contained any pin holes!</p>
<p>Regarding the legality of the policy, it would not be in insurers&#8217; interest to decline a seller&#8217;s interest claim on the grounds of the illegality of the insurance.</p>
<p>Another area where there may be deliberate double insurance is to cater for those parts of a transit where a buyer has no risk and therefore no insurable interest. At that stage there has already been transit from the time the goods leave the seller&#8217;s premises.</p>
<p>Quite apart from the transit to the docks, probably by road or rail, there has also perhaps been movement to and from, and time whilst at, packers, freight forwarders, Groupage consolidators, hauliers and other transport service operators.</p>
<p>If goods have been damaged prior to loading on board the vessel, it is quite possible for the damage not to be noted on the Bill of Lading. It may however become apparent on the goods arrival at the final destination that damage had occurred prior to loading on the vessel.</p>
<p>For example, goods may have freshwater damage and it can be proven there had been no bad weather which would have resulted in such damage after the time the goods became at the buyer&#8217;s risk. An insurer may well decide to decline a claim on the grounds of the loss having occurred before the Assured had any insurable interest and therefore could not recover under the policy.</p>
<p>One could argue that the buyer should then claim against the seller. This however has a number of problems and can be quite impractical. The supplier may no longer be in business; they may simply ignore the claim particularly if the supplier is a large organization and the buyer a small one; there may be commercial considerations such as the supplier being the only one for a particular item or product. There are many reasons why a buyer would not want to become involved in long and expensive claims of this nature, with no guarantee of success.</p>
<p>It is possible to avoid this problem happening by inserting a simple clause in the buyer&#8217;s policy which says that his underwriters will pay such losses and then pursue subrogation rights against the supplier. The following is an example of such a clause:</p>
<p><em>&#8220;In respect of goods purchased by the Assured on F.O.B., F.A.S., C.F.R. or similar terms where risk passes to the Assured after transit has commenced, it is agreed that cover hereunder attaches with the commencement of transit of the goods from the supplier&#8217;s warehouse as detailed in the appropriate Institute Clauses applying hereto, Underwriters being subrogated to the Assured&#8217;s rights of recourse against the suppliers and/or their Insurers&#8221;.</em></p>
<p>This clause also provides cover where there was no insurable interest &#8211; in this case not even a contingent one.</p>
<p>A third way in which double insurance may arise is where a buyer on CIF terms may not be confident of the financial stability or the claims settling integrity of the insurers selected by the seller.</p>
<p>There are many legal regimes throughout the World where exports from and/or imports to those countries must be insured with local insurance companies, often the state insurer. There are in excess of 60 countries world-wide which have legislation which enforce restrictive measures in the field of marine insurance.</p>
<p>The intensity of these restrictions varies considerably. At one end of the scale there may simply be the imposition of special taxes and extra charges when insurance is placed outside the country&#8217;s borders. One could include within that definition state Surplus Lines regulations in the USA.</p>
<p>At the other end of the scale there are countries where it is forbidden for the seller based in that country to insure exports abroad or to export on any basis other than CIF. Likewise it is forbidden for a buyer based in that country to insure imports abroad or to import on a CIF basis.</p>
<p>The reason for such laws are various, often connected with an attempt to develop the domestic insurance industry or to control the movement of hard currencies, but this is a subject all of its own.</p>
<p>It is possible to arrange cover in these cases on a similar basis as with seller&#8217;s interest as a form of buyer&#8217;s interest. Underwriters may agree to cover the buyer in these circumstances on the basis of a <em>&#8220;loan&#8221; </em>fund to assured pending recovery under first policy. This resolves the double insurance complication as the interest in this case is no longer the original cargo but the risk of the Assured failing to collect a recoverable claim under the other insurance.</p>
<p>Sellers who suffer from these legislative controls in their buyer&#8217;s countries are able to make use of seller&#8217;s interest insurance.</p>
<p>So far we have looked at those cases where double insurance has arisen either accidentally or, where deliberately, for innocent reasons. Now we shall look at the case where double insurance is arranged for illegitimate reasons.</p>
<p>Essentially there is only one reason to arrange a double insurance on a risk where it is not innocent and that is in order to make a fraudulent claim. That is, where an Assured claims two or more times for one loss on several policies. This also introduces the question of deliberate loss of or damage to the cargo. After all, only a lawbreaker is going to take out double insurance on a risk simply in the hope that a loss might actually happen! He will want to make sure a loss which depending on the scale of the fraud, could have very serious consequences both financially and possibly in risk to human life.</p>
<p>Attempting to claim more than once for a single loss is illegal almost certainly under any legal regime. There are criminal laws relating to fraud under which this type of activity would be dealt.</p>
<p>Within the Marine Insurance Act, Section 32, to which have been already referred, there is this reference:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>(a) </em><em>The assured, unless the policy otherwise provides, may claim payment from the insurers in such order as he may think fit, provided that he is not entitled to receive any sum in excess of the indemnity allowed by this Act.</em></p>
<p>Any attempt to put through a claim to exceed the amount allowable under these conditions would be, quite apart from the criminal element of the action, contravene the Act and, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary in the contract &#8211; which would be rather unlikely  would therefore not be enforceable.</p>
<p>Having reviewed double insurance, legal or otherwise, there is the question of Contribution. The Assured has, under the Marine Insurance Act, the ability to claim from any policy &#8211; provided of course the loss is recoverable &#8211; and in any order he may think fit.</p>
<p>Where then does this leave the Underwriter who has paid a claim in full?</p>
<p>Does he have to carry all the loss, even though there are other legitimate policies in place which could equally as well have been called upon to pay the claim?</p>
<p><strong><em>The Act has this to say in such circumstances in Section 80:</em></strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>1) </em><em>Where the assured is over-insured by double insurance, each insurer is bound, as between himself and the other insurers, to contribute rateably to the loss in proportion to the amount for which he is liable under his contract.</em></p>
<p>We have already seen that the assured may claim for the full loss from one policy. So, it is not the assured who must obtain the payment in the rateable proportion referred to in the MIA. The Act also goes on to say:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>2) </em><em>If any insurer pays more than his proportion of the loss, he is entitled to maintain an action for contribution against the other insurers, and is entitled to the like remedies as a surety who has paid more than his proportion of the debt.</em></p>
<p>Thus the insurers each pay their proportion of the loss. What, however of the assured. He has, after all, paid two lots of premium. This is also resolved by the Act. Section 84 (3) (f) says:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>&#8220;………. where the assured has over-insured by double</em><em> insurance, a proportionate part of the several premiums is returnable:&#8221;</em></p>
<p>There is, however, a warning to that. If the two policies are, for example, effected at different times and one of the policies carried the whole risk, even for a short time, there is no return of premium. The full paragraph reads:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>&#8220;Provided that, if the policies are effected at different times, and any earlier policy has at any time borne the entire risk, or if a claim has been paid on the policy in respect of the full sum insured thereby, no premium is returnable in respect of that policy, and when the double insurance is effected knowingly by the assured no premium is returnable&#8221;.</em></p>
<p>The final part of this paragraph, relating to cover being arranged deliberately, caters for the case such as seller&#8217;s interest</p>
<p>Having deliberately taken out a double insurance, even a contingent one, it would obviously be a non-sense if you could then obtain a return of premium.</p>
<p>Whilst we are talking about double insurance, returns of premium, contribution and so on where there is over-insurance arranged, what about the case of under-insurance?, the Marine Insurance Act caters for that occurrence.</p>
<p><strong><em>Section 81 of the Act says:</em></strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em>&#8220;&#8230;.where the assured is insured for an amount less than the insurable value, or, in the case of a valued policy, for an amount less than the policy valuation, he is deemed to be his own insurer in respect of the uninsured balance&#8221;.</em></p>
<p>So, if you under-insure there is contribution, but in this case by the Assured.</p>
<p>In conclusion, in a relatively short space of time, we have now reviewed several forms in which double insurance may occur. Accidental and deliberate, innocent and malicious. Also, Contribution and how it affects insurers and assured’s. There is a misconception over the legality of double insurance.</p>
<p>Takis Kalogerakos</p>
<p>Marine Underwriter</p>
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